Computer animation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. An example of computer animation which is produced in the . The more general term computer- generated imagery encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animationonly refers to the moving images. Modern computer animation usually uses 3. D computer graphics, although 2. D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real- time renderings. Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes film as well. Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques used in traditional animation with 3. D models and frame- by- frame animation of 2. See how the leading vector animation toolset helps you work faster and. Convert existing Flash based ads to. Influencer Program; Graphics Forum; Contact Support; Sales & Partners; Product Registration. Bring your imagination. D illustrations. Computer- generated animations are more controllable than other more physically based processes, constructing miniatures for effects shots or hiring extras for crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces, or props. To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it, but advanced slightly in time (usually at a rate of 2.
This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion pictures. For 3. D animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3. D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For 2. D figure animations, separate objects (illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing. Use Animation Online to instantly create free animated banners for advertising. Create animated banners, animated buttons, and Flash Animation from templates. Finally, the animation is rendered. For 3. D animations, all frames must be rendered after the modeling is complete. For 2. D vector animations, the rendering process is the key frame illustration process, while tweened frames are rendered as needed. For pre- recorded presentations, the rendered frames are transferred to a different format or medium, like digital video. The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end- user audience. Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet (e. Adobe Flash, X3. D) often use software on the end- users computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre- loaded high bandwidth animations. Explanation. At rates below 1. Conventional hand- drawn cartoon animation often uses 1. To produce more realistic imagery, computer animation demands higher frame rates. Films seen in theaters in the United States run at 2. For high resolution, adapters are used. History. Other digital animation was also practiced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. An early step in the history of computer animation was the sequel to the 1. Westworld, a science- fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans. The sequel, Futureworld (1. D wire- frame imagery, which featured a computer- animated hand and face both created by University of Utah graduates Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke. This imagery originally appeared in their student film A Computer Animated Hand, which they completed in 1. Developments in CGI technologies are reported each year at SIGGRAPH, an annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques that is attended by thousands of computer professionals each year. Developers of computer games and 3. D video cards strive to achieve the same visual quality on personal computers in real- time as is possible for CGI films and animation. With the rapid advancement of real- time rendering quality, artists began to use game engines to render non- interactive movies, which led to the art form Machinima. The very first full length computer animated television series was Re. Boot, which debuted in September 1. The first feature- length computer animated film was Toy Story (1. Pixar. This groundbreaking film was also the first of many fully computer- animated movies. Computer animation helped to create blockbuster films, Toy Story 3 (2. Avatar (2. 00. 9), Shrek 2 (2. Cars 2 (2. 01. 1), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2. Life of Pi (2. 01. Frozen (2. 01. 3), Minions (2. Inside Out (2. 01. Animation methods. The position of each segment of the skeletal model is defined by animation variables, or Avars for short. In human and animal characters, many parts of the skeletal model correspond to the actual bones, but skeletal animation is also used to animate other things, with facial features (though other methods for facial animation exist). The computer doesn't usually render the skeletal model directly (it is invisible), but it does use the skeletal model to compute the exact position and orientation of that certain character, which is eventually rendered into an image. Thus by changing the values of Avars over time, the animator creates motion by making the character move from frame to frame. There are several methods for generating the Avar values to obtain realistic motion. Traditionally, animators manipulate the Avars directly. Rather than set Avars for every frame, they usually set Avars at strategic points (frames) in time and let the computer interpolate or tween between them in a process called keyframing. Keyframing puts control in the hands of the animator and has roots in hand- drawn traditional animation. In contrast, a newer method called motion capture makes use of live action footage. When computer animation is driven by motion capture, a real performer acts out the scene as if they were the character to be animated. His/her motion is recorded to a computer using video cameras and markers and that performance is then applied to the animated character. Each method has its advantages and as of 2. Keyframe animation can produce motions that would be difficult or impossible to act out, while motion capture can reproduce the subtleties of a particular actor. For example, in the 2. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Bill Nighy provided the performance for the character Davy Jones. Even though Nighy doesn't appear in the movie himself, the movie benefited from his performance by recording the nuances of his body language, posture, facial expressions, etc. Thus motion capture is appropriate in situations where believable, realistic behavior and action is required, but the types of characters required exceed what can be done throughout the conventional costuming. Modeling. These models are constructed out of geometrical vertices, faces, and edges in a 3. D coordinate system. Objects are sculpted much like real clay or plaster, working from general forms to specific details with various sculpting tools. Unless a 3. D model is intended to be a solid color, it must be painted with . A bone/joint animation system is set up to deform the CGI model (e. In a process known as rigging, the virtual marionette is given various controllers and handles for controlling movement. Animation data can be created using motion capture, or keyframing by a human animator, or a combination of the two. D models rigged for animation may contain thousands of control points . Rhythm and Hues Studios labored for two years to create Aslan in the movie The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, which had about 1,8. In the 2. 00. 4 film The Day After Tomorrow, designers had to design forces of extreme weather with the help of video references and accurate meteorological facts. For the 2. 00. 5 remake of King Kong, actor Andy Serkis was used to help designers pinpoint the gorilla's prime location in the shots and used his expressions to model . Serkis had earlier provided the voice and performance for Gollum in J. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy. Equipment. Some impressive animation can be achieved even with basic programs; however, the rendering can take a lot of time on an ordinary home computer. Professional animators of movies, television and video games could make photorealistic animation with high detail. This level of quality for movie animation would take hundreds of years to create on a home computer. Instead, many powerful workstation computers are used. Graphics workstation computers use two to four processors, and they are a lot more powerful than an actual home computer and are specialized for rendering. A large number of workstations (known as a . The result is a computer- animated movie that can be completed in about one to five years (however, this process is not composed solely of rendering). A workstation typically costs $2,0. Professionals also use digital movie cameras, motion/performance capture, bluescreens, film editing software, props, and other tools used for movie animation. Facial animation. Computer facial animation is a highly complex field where models typically include a very large number of animation variables. Historically speaking, the first SIGGRAPH tutorials on State of the art in Facial Animation in 1. The Facial Action Coding System (with 4. As early as 2. 00. MPEG- 4 included 6. Face Animation Parameters (FAPs) for lips, jaws, etc., and the field has made significant progress since then and the use of facial microexpression has increased. In some cases, an affective space, the PAD emotional state model, can be used to assign specific emotions to the faces of avatars. In this approach, the PAD model is used as a high level emotional space and the lower level space is the MPEG- 4 Facial Animation Parameters (FAP). A mid- level Partial Expression Parameters (PEP) space is then used to in a two- level structure . Computer animation can also be realistic with or without the photorealistic rendering. One of the greatest challenges in computer animation has been creating human characters that look and move with the highest degree of realism.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |